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FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA, 




A NARRATIVE 



RESIDENCE AT THE SOUTH 



PREVIOUS TO AXD DURING 



THE SOUTHERN REBELLION 



UP TO NOVEMBER, 1853, 



WHEN THE WRITER ESCAPED FROM RICHMOND. 




BY MES. E. C. KENT. 



FOURTH EDITION — WITH ADDITIONS. 






BUFFALO : 
FRANKLIN PRINTING HOUSE- 



?^V5^ 



1865. 



<r^^fe'G<!i 




JPrke Ttventy-Five Cents. 



DEDICATORY 



As a fourth edition of my book is now to be published, 1 avail my- 
self of this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to the loyal people 
of the North, for the encouragement and vei-y liberal })atronage they have 
(wtended to me. 

To tlie many kind friends Avhom I met in Philadelphia, who lent lis- 
tening ears and sympathizing hearts to my tale of woe in behalf of our 
siifFering patriots in Richmond, I am especially thankful. And to Mrs. B. 
(Pi'esident of the Soldiers' Aid Society in Philadelphia,) who gave me a 
home beneath her hospitable and cheerful roof, a place in the circle of hei- 
fmiily, in lier sympathies, and in her affections, I respectfully dedicate 
this httle book. 

E. C. K. 



"FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA." 



A NARRATIVE 



OP A 



RESIDENCE AT THE SOUTH 

ii 



PREVIOUS TO AND DURING 



THE SOUTHERN REBELLION, 



UP TO NOVEMBER, 1863, 



WHEN THE WRITER ESCAPED FROM RICHMOND. 



BY MES. E. C. KEl^T. 



BUFFALO: 
FRANKLIN PRINTING HOUSE. 

1865. 



9921 
PEEFACE 



The following narrative was not originally prepared for publication. On 
the writer's return to Philadelphia, after her escape from Richmond, many 
partial friends, to whom she had related fragments of her experience in 
Rebeldom, suggested the propriety of her embodying the facts in the form 
of a Lecture, to be dehvered at some future time. Acting upon this 
suggestion, the following pages were prepared, more as a lecture than as a 
narrative. After having dehvered the lecture in many of the principal 
cities in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, &c., it was suggested that 
the pubhcation in pamphlet form would be of use, and also afford to the 
writer some pecuniary remuneration. 

The facts set forth in the followinj^ narrative are related as they occurred 
directly under the observation of the writer, without color or varnish, and 
may be implicitly rehed upon. The recent culminating and glorious results 
to the prowess of our experienced Generals, afford 'Convincing proof of the 
accuracy of the writer's conclusions. Our people may soon look for the 
restoration of our whole Union, and the Stars and Stripes, so eloquently 
apostrophised by the immortal poet, Drake, will soon float over an undivided 
country. 



Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, 

BY MRS. E. C. KENT, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Northern District of 

New York. 




FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 



God has given to each one of us a genius peculiar to ourselves. 
Some call this genius a disposition or inclination of the mind. 
Some call it a guardian angel. Others call it a genius. This 
genius is continually prompting us ; beckoning us ; and cheering us 
onward. In its hand it holds a shining light. 

If we give our hearts to God and follow the promptings of this 
genius, keeping in the immediate influence of its light, our hearts 
will glow with gfenial wamth, our souls will expand, and our 
progress will be onward anc' upward to the spirit from which we 
emanated. 

We do not follow the promptings of this genius as we should. 
The mass of us follow public opinion, until we learn by our own 
sufferings, or by the sufferings of others, that it is wrong, and that 
it has led us darkling through the world. 

We should always cherish the deepest respect for the opinions 
of good people. We should cherish ♦due respect for public 
opinions, but we should also do whatever our hands findeth to do 
with all our might. 

I am well aware that the narrative which I am about to present 
to you is crude, and incomplete. But, I am also aware that it is 
the best I could make with the little time and talent I could com- 
mand, and that it is my duty to not waste my energies in useless 
repinings and regrets, but to look upward and onward, and to keep 
hoping, praying and doing. And I am led to hope that the inci- 
dents which I shall relate will present, at least, a faint view of the 



4 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

Southern character, and of the Southern country as it is now ; and, 
as it has been since the rebellion. 

Some of the most thrilling scenes in which my son was a promi- 
nent actor, I have not attempted to describe accurately, because I 
could not do so with the positive assurance of its not bringing 
serious trouble upon persons who befriended us in our trouble. 

My son went South from Cincinnati early in the fall of 1859. In 
December of the same 3^ear I followed him to Mississippi, where 
he was employed as shipping and receiving clerk at a landing on 
the Yazoo river, and I was employed as teacher in a family not far 
distant from his place of business. 

On my arrival in Mississippi, before the rebellion broke out, I 
was surprised to meet with persons occasionally, who advocated 
secession. 

I was also surprised to find that free speech was actually not 
tolerated, and that tyranny and oppression in other frightful forms 
were stalking over that beautiful land, infusing its deadly poison 
in the minds of the people, who were breathing the atmospheie of 
that delicious clime. It seemed that a few leading spirits had 
marked out a channel for public opinion, so exceedingly narrow as 
scarcely to admit of free thought. In that channel all were forced 
to sail. 

The clergymen, with a few exceptions, seemed to think it the 
main object of preaching to prove slavery a divine institution. 
Those clergymen who did not preach that doctrine were not toler- 
ated. If I had acknowledged that I could not endorse slavery as 
a divine institution, I would have been in danger of violent treat- 
ment. If my son had acknowledged as much, he would have been 
in great danger of losing his life. 

"We know that the subject of slavery has not been open for dis- 
cussion in the South for many years. Now the question is, can 
anything be right that will not bear discussion? Again, can it be 
right to prohibit the cultivation of intellect, or of anything that is 
susceptible of cultivation. 

The gentleman in whose family I first taught advocated secession 
in the strongest terms. He would invoke for the "Yankees" all 
the plagues and tortures he could invent, wishing for power to 
sweep them from the face of the earth. He took great delight in 
listening to, and in giving accounts of horrible murders and other 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 5 

deeds of cruelty, and the relish with which he would listen to such 
accounts, and relate them himself, was awfully disgusting. 

One of the scenes on which he most delighted to dwell and gloat 
over, was that of a negro writhing in the flames, and swearing ven- 
geance upon his tormentors. According to the story, as he related 
it, this negro had poisoned his master, and to punish him, and also 
to terrify the other negroes, he was tortured to death in the flames. 
He said that this was a powerful negro, and difficult to manage, — 
that he was chained to a tree, and that while he was burning, he 
struggled so violently, in his intense anguish, that he freed himself 
from the chain, and he ran so rapidly, and fought so desperately, 
that it was with great difficulty that he was caught again, fastened 
at another place, and finally burnt to death. 

He related other stories equally revolting, which I could narrate, 
but I do not like to dwell upon them, and they would be similar 
to many which have already been placed before the public. Some 
of these will be recorded in the history of our time, and they will 
be read by future generations, with even more horror than we feel 
when we read of the barbarous deeds that were perpetrated in the 
dark ages. 

This man was also a strong advocate of dueling. A successful 
duelist was, in his opinion, deserving of high honor and esteem. 
Indeed, the generality of Southern people place a successful duelist 
as high on the pinnacle of fame as we place those who have 
achieved the greatest m^oral and intellectual victories. 

According to his own story, he had been a terror to negroes 
during the whole of his long life, being then over sixty years of 
age; and he had made himself eminently active by hunting run- 
away negroes, and by detecting those who were contemplating 
escape ; and by inflicting upon them the greatest physical pain, 
with the least physical injury. 

He was also very expert in detecting thievish negroes. When 
other plans failed to detect the thief, the negroes on the plantation 
were whipped until he was exposed. Many of you can judge of 
the moral effect which this treatment must produce upon the 
negroes, and the uncertainty of its detecting the guilty one. You 
can also judge of the character which it must develope in the white 
children who were reared in this atmosphere of misrule and cruelty. 
Yet this man had the appearance of a gentleman ! He would 



6 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

receive you with a gracious self-complaisant air, and lie would ex- 
tend to you such hospitalities, that you would upon a slight ac- 
quaintance really think him a gentleman of the first stamp. 

At first, when I heard him dwell upon the tortures he had in- 
flicted, and tell how he would delight to serve the " Yankees " in the 
same way, I expressed my horror freely. I told him that I was a 
"Yankee," — that I had never heard anyone talk so before, and 
that I could not believe him in earnest. But I soon found that he 
was in earnest, and that it would not do to persist in calling myself 
a "Yankee." I also found that it would not do to say much about 
the North, — especially in the way of comparison with the South. 

On one occasion, he was furiously angry at a man in Vicksburg, 
whom he called a "Yankee," and whom he swore he would shoot. 
He belonged to the church, and he swore by the grace of God that 
he would kill the "Yankee." 

I felt great surprise and horror, and I expressed it. I told him 
that church members did not swear in the North. I also told him 
that if a man in the North shoukLp>ublicly threaten to kill another 
man he would be arrested. This incensed him beyond endurance, 
and I am confident that his gallantry, for which he was distin- 
guished, even among Southerners, was the only thing that saved 
me from violent treatment, and even from death. He said he 
would not be guilty of treating a lady harshly, but that it would 
not do for a man to provoke him as I had done. 

When he saw I was really frightened he said I had nothing to 
fear, that ladies were entitled to be protected by gentlemen, and 
that he considered himself a gentleman. Still he persisted in 
relating the most horrible deeds of cruelty in my presence. 

And this sympathy, which I expressed, and which the majority 
of Northern people feel for suffering, is what the Southerners call 
cowardice. The best of them have from their infancy been ac- 
customed, not only to witness, but to inflict the most intense physi- 
cal suffering. Hence it is impossible for them to appreciate that 
sympathy for suffering which the Northern people feel, who have 
been reared under more refining influences. 

In the fall of 1860, I was employed to teach a district school in 
Mississippi. In this situation I was to receive fifty dollars per 
month, besides board and washing. The school averaged about 
eight scholars. In the meantime the excitement in the South was 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 7 

progressing witli fearful intensity. At the end of four months, 
when the time arrived for me to receive my pay, I was told that 
there was no money in the treasury. At this, the gentleman who 
employed me, and who was authorized to employ the teachers, was 
greatly enraged. He declared that there was an abundance of 
money in the treasury. He explained to me how the money was 
received, — how much had been received, and how much paid out, 
and although he was, according to his own story, a strong seces- 
sionist, he hinted to me that it was only because I was from the 
North, "that there was no money in the treasury." He said he 
hated the "Yankees" himself He had voted the secession ticket, 
but he did not believe in treating a lady that way, simply because 
she happened to be a native of a country he disliked ; and he de- 
nounced those who did so in the strongest terms. 

This gentleman was a Scotchman by birth, and of good educa- 
tion, but he had lived in the South for many years. He was 
shrewd, and had acquired a property which might be considered 
quite a fortune by many ; comprising four hundred acres of land, 
besides horses, cattle, &c. But he had only two negroes. I often 
wondered why he did not have a greater number. I did not believe 
his conscience forbade, therefore I concluded that he considered 
himself better off without them. 

During my residence in Mississippi, I did meet with a few slave- 
holders who declared that they wished that there had never been 
such a thing as slavery. But this was rare. And those who had 
ho slaves, especially if they were poor, coul^not have uttered such 
sentiments with impunity. But my employer declarecT that he was., 
greatly in favor of slavery. He would listen with great interest 
to my accounts of the advanced state of society in the North, and 
to my views in relation to the disastrous results a separation of the 
Union would bring about, but at the close of the conversation he 
would declare that he was a Southern rights man, and that he was 
in favor of secession. Sometimes I thought that he really was 
what he professed to be. At other times I doubted it, thinking 
that, perhaps, he only advocated those sentiments to keep in the 
good graces of his more affluent neighbors, hj whom he was con- 
sidered a poor man. At all events, if he had been known to be a 
Union man, he would have been obliged to renounce his sentiments 
or his life after the secession vote passed. 



8 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

Soon after I was told that there was no money in the treasury, I 
resigned my situation and went to reside in the family of Mr. Smith, 
only eleven miles distant. His father was a prominent judge from 
Kentucky. Mr. Smith was a gentleman in every sense of the term. 
He had received a liberal education and was endowed with a natural 
fondness for literary pursuits. Mrs. Smith was also a pleasant lady, 
much more intelligent and sensible than the mass of Southern 
ladies. They owned fifteen hundred acres of land, and nearl}^, or 
quite a hundred negroes. They had only three children large 
enough to attend school, and they were to pay me thirty dollars a 
month, besides board and washing. 

Some months before I went to reside with this family, a rich 
planter in the neighborhood killed an overseer, in consequence of 
some charge that the overseer had made against him. For this 
horrible crime the planter was not even arrested. He was not even 
censured by the mass of people. But Mr. Smith denounced him 
in severe terms, and said that if the overseer had killed the "olanter 
he would have been hung. 

I cannot present Mr. Smith to you as a specimen of any class of 
men, either in the North or in the South. He was an exception 
to the general rule. And this is the character of the man into 
whose hands it actually seemed to me that I had been thrown by 
Providence in a time of great danger. His influence was not only 
a perfect safeguard to me, but it extended safety to my son also, 
who was still at the landing on the Yazoo river, about twenty 
miles distant. Persons living forty and. even fifty miles distant in 
that thinly settled country, were well acquainted with each other, 
and were therefore considered neighbors. 

I will now return to the fall of 1860. Before doing so, however, 
I will say that I make no attempt to please this party, or that party, 
or to displease this or that. I must confess that I would like to 
please all, but I know that I cannot do this. I therefore go right 
on and tell my story, relating things as I know they occurred, and 
I fortify myself with the assurance that all truthful and generous per- 
sons love the truth, even when it makes war with their prejudices. 

I know but very little about politics, but fortunately, it does not 
require any great depth of knowledge to distinguish right from 
wrong, and to understand that our only safety lies in the honest, 
hearty and vigorous support of our government Hence I cannot 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 9 

see the propriety, especially in these times, of allowing partizan pre- 
dilections to interfere with that support. How any man can con- 
tinually be carping at the great measures of our administration, 
bestowing ribald jests upon its head, or weakening the influence of 
its generals in battle, by unfounded or malicious charges, — and call 
himself a friend of the Union, or the Government, which I take 
to be one and the same thing, is beyond my comprehension. 

"We know that if a man is a true Democrat, he should be a true 
Union man. He will be for sustaining the Government at all 
hazards. He will not tolerate rebellion against the lawful authori- 
ties in any form. Hence we know that those who sympathize with 
the leaders of this rebellion are not Democrats. They only assume 
the mask of democracy for the purpose of furthering their evil 
and selfish designs. 

John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, in reply to a remark of 
Commodore Stewart's, charging the Southrons with being aristo- 
cratic in their principles, said, "I admit your conclusion, in respect 
to us Southrons. That we are essentially aristocratic I cannot 
deny, but we can, and do yield much to democracy. This is our 
sectional policy. For the conservation of our interests, we are from 
necessity thrown upon and solemnly wedded to democracy, how- 
ever it may occasionally clash with our feelings. It is through our 
affiliation with that party in the Middle and Western States that 
we hold power. But when we cease thus to control this nation, 
through a disjointed democracy, or any material obstacle in that 
party, which shall tend to throw us out of that rule and control, 
we shall then resort to a dissolution of the Union ! " 

And this is a true picture of your Southern Democrats. Their 
dark, perjured souls could not endure the light of freedom in its 
onward march of civilization. Eather than lose that control, which 
the voice of an enlightened people told them was fast passing away 
from them, they made an attempt to destroy our Government, and 
who can estimate the misery that has resulted, and is still resulting 
from this parricidal course. 

I will now call your attention to the fall of 1860. At this time 
the most intense political excitement prevailed. The people at the 
South were divided mainly into two great parties, under the names 
of "Whig" and "Democrat." The Whigs accused the Democrats 
of aiming at a separation of the Union, and the Democrats accused 



10 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

the Whigs of being favorable to the abolition of slavery. To be an 
abolitionist there, was considered the greatest of crimes, for which 
death in its most appalling shape was but a slight reward. 

Whig conventions and Democratic conventions were held 
throughout the country. Both of these parties were opposed to 
the election of Abraham Lincoln, but the Democrats were the most 
bitter and determined. The speakers of the Whig conventions 
maintained that the Democrats were working to overthrow the 
Government. 

Only a few days before the Presidential election a Whig conven- 
tion was held in Yazoo City. The Stars and Stripes had been 
planted on each side of the stand and were floating in the breeze. 
There were several speakers, and they occupied the stand in suc- 
cession nearly all day. They were all of them eloquent men. 
They admonished the people to stand by the Union. They said 
the probability was that Lincoln would be elected, but his term 
would expire in four years. He would be obliged to abide by the 
Constitution, and he could do them no harm. If he had the will, 
he would not have the power to interfere with their domestic insti- 
tutions. The idea of his doing so was a humbug, gotten up by 
the Democrats, for the purpose of gaining their great point, — a 
dissolution of the Union. 

One of the speakers, after reminding the people of the common 
cause for which their fathers had fought and bled, and of the sacred 
ties by which the Union was bound, pointed to the Stars and 
Stripes and said: "It is possible, — it is even probable, — that many 
of you will never again be privileged to hail that glorious banner 
as the flag of your country." 

And sure enough, that was the last struggle made for the Union 
in that section of the country ! News soon came that Lincoln was 
elected. The majority of the people believed what the Democrats 
had said, and they madly rushed into the vortex of secession. 
The voice of reason was hushed. Designing demagogues stood 
rampant, flourishing the vile banner of disloyalty ; and the old time 
honored flag was not again seen, till Grant with his indomitable 
army, so nobly finished up his Western campaign, and opened up 
the navigation of the Mississippi and its tributaries ! 

After the secession vote passed, the Whigs were looked upon 
with suspicion by the dominant party, and persons with any North- 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 11 

ern proclivities were hardly tolerated, — in fact, watclied with sus- 
picion. The most determined and desperate measures were adopted 
to compel every one to aid in the rebellion. In our neighborhood 
it was publicly avowed that no "Yankee" should leave the place. 
All who were suspected of being friendly to the North were called 
"Yankees." A gallows wa§ erected on a public highway, with the 
avowed intention of hanging any one thereon who might express 
sentiments in opposition to the secession movement. Everybody 
feared an insurrection of the negroes. The reign of terror was 
absolute I 

Persons who had formerly expressed Union sentiments, and, 
more especially, those who were late from the North, had now 
double cause for fear. Besides the common danger of an insur- 
rection of the negroes, they were in yet greater danger of losing 
their lives at the hands of an infuriated mob, instigated by some 
rabid secessionist. 

Any hot headed, half civilized secessionist could accuse a man, 
who was suspected of sympathizing with the North, of being an 
abolitionist; and accusation was generally condemnation. There- 
fore, the most horrible murders were perpetrated in different sec- 
tions of the country. 

In Texas, a Methodist preacher was charged with being an abo- 
litionist, and he was burned to death with several negroes who were 
found in company with him. And there were people who rejoiced 
over these barbarous cruelties, declaring that they hated anything 
that reminded them of a " Yankee." Some of them, especially the 
secesh ladies, took especial pains to make that avowal in my 
presence, and even to- me, because they considered me a "Yankee." 
To those people I had done no harm, not even in thought. I was 
very quiet, as I felt I was obliged to be, because I knew very well 
that the expression of my true sentiments would cost me dear, 
doubtless the life of my son, if not my own. 

I have known ladies, or women who call themselves ladies, to 
attend shooting schools, and I have seen them practicing shooting 
for the avowed purpose of being able to kill the "Yankees." 

Two young men, in the immediate neighborhood of Yazoo City, 
were strongly suspected of being in favor of the North. One of 
them was missing, and for a time it was said that he had made his 
escape and returned to the North. But after a time his body was 



12 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

found in the Yazoo river! The other one who was suspected, was 
concealed in the house of his partner until his pursuers gave up 
searching for him and had come to the conclusion that he had suc- 
ceeded in making his escape. Then watching a favorable oppor- 
tunity, his partner, with the assistance of two other gentlemen, 
managed to get him to the nearest railroad station, and he finally 
reached his home in safety. 

Another young man, while waiting for a boat in Yicksburg, was 
accused of being an abolitionist, and he was, notwithstanding his 
eloquent entreaties and protestations of innocence, tied hand and 
foot, put into a canoe and sent afloat on the Mississippi river. 
While being tied he spoke of his mother, who, he said, would be 
anxiously waiting for him to come home, and he begged that his 
life might be spared for her sake. This touched the sympathy of 
his executioners, and he was about to be released, when some one 
cried out, "he's a liar, he hasn't got any mother. Away with the 
abolitionist ! " He was then hurried off into one of the canoes and 
sent afloat on the Mississippi river ! I have related this story as it 
was told to me by an eye witness, as fortunately I was spared the 
ordeal of witnessing so terrible a scene. Alas ! what horrors would 
that river reveal if it could but speak ; and how many mothers are 
waiting in vain for their sons to come home ! 

I knew that my son had gained much confidence from the plant- 
ers, by attending to the shipping of their cotton and receiving their 
goods in a satisfactory manner, but I also knew that much doubt 
Was entertained with regard to his sentiments, and that he at one 
time narrowly escaped violent treatment, in consequence of incau- 
tiously expressing his true opinion. 9 

A planter, who was not disposed to pay his debts, and whom I 
shall call Simms, was angry at my son for letting some of his cot- 
ton fall into the hands of his creditors, took advantage of his hav- 
ing thus incautiously expressed himself, and raised a cry that he 
was an abolitionist. He said that my son had been seen talking 
with Mr. DuflP's negroes, and that he was, according to his own 
avowal, an enemy to the South, and he tried to induce Mr. Duff 
to join in a plan to have him waylaid by his negroes while on his 
way to visit me. But Mr. Duff, being friendly to my son, pro- 
tested against it, and informed the gentleman for whom I was 
teaching of the danger. He went directly to this demon, and gave 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. IS 

him to understand that he would surely be held accountable for 
any evil that might befall my son. This man was, in consequence 
of his dishonesty, unpopular in the neighborhood, and the gentleman 
for whom I was teaching assured me that my son was in no danger. 
Still I suffered dreadfully with fear for his safety, and even for his 
life.- . With the exception of a very few families, I felt that we were 
alone in the midst of our mortal foes. Some few, in Yazoo City, 
who had formerly befriended us, were themselves, for that reason, 
suspected, and in our terror we were as strangers to each other. 
Finally tho most desperate characters volunteered and left the 
country. Three companies had been sent from Yazoo City. 
Those who remained had been formed into home guards. Fears 
of an insurrection of the negroes were dispelled, and the country 
assumed a more peaceful appearance. 

My health, which had been poor for many months, entirely 
failed. My son's business at the landing was dull ; and I finally 
ventured to say that in consequence of my poor health I wanted 
to go to Virginia, and I wished to take my son with me. The 
gentleman and lady for whom I was teaching protested against it, 
saying that we would not be safe among those who did not know 
us. The physician who was attending me, and whom I shall call 
Doctor B., was a Virginian, and he thought otherwise. He said I 
would find the climate of Virginia delightful, and that I would 
rapidly recover strength, even while on my journey. He gave me 
letters to his friends who were living there, and he procured other 
letters for me from a legal gentleman, who was also a Virginian. 
I gave him a report of the district school I had taught, an account 
of the money that was due me for teaching this school, and an or- 
der to draw my pay. The money which was due was soon handed 
over. My son partially settled up his business, and in September, 
1861, we left Mississippi for Virginia. I then began to hope that 
we should be able to get back to the North. At Charlottesville, 
where we spent the first winter, we were received with kindness 
and confidence. Doctor B. and the lawj^er had, besides recom- 
mending us highly in their letters, said that we were loyal to the 
South. I knew very well that it was these letters which called 
forth the confidence, and I did not dare to even mention the North, 
much less to disavow the impression made. The roads about 
Charlottesville were thronged with soldiers, who were picketed at 



14 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 



every station and every cross road, and it was evident that it would 
only be getting my son into difficulty to attempt to return to the 
North without the aid of some influential persons. We were, 
therefore, obliged to wait. 

The next spring, 1862, the rebels, after having been driven from 
Manassas, and finding that the Union forces were marching towards 
Eichmond, with a prospect of capturing that city, were panic- 
stricken. Detective officers were picking up men wherever they 
could be found, and forcing them into the rebel ranks. My son, 
with others, was marched off to a company at the point of the 
bayonet. He, however, succeeded in slipping away from the offi- 
cers before he was examined or mustered into service. We then 
went to Eichmond, hoping that the city would soon fall into the 
hands of the Union forces, and thus allow us to return home. 

The inhabitants of Eichmond were then, to all outward appear- 
ances, in favor of the rebellion. Many of the soldiers and officers 
from the more Southern States manifested bitter hatred toward 
the citizens, who, they said, were "Yankees." But the mass of 
the people seemed to think that, as a matter of course, everybody 
was in favor of the rebellion, and that it was not worth while to 
say much about it. 

My Northern accent and manner, which had proved as effectual 
in Mississippi, and even in Charlottesville, in some instances, in 
keeping people at a distance, as Minerva's shield did in protecting 
^nas from the arrows of the Etrurians, was no longer a disad- 



I soon secured for myself a situation to teach in a good family, 
and I also secured a place for my son in the immediate vicinity of 
Eichmond, where I hoped he would not be molested. The lady in 
whose family I was employed to teach said that she never saw a 
Northern person whom she did not like. She said that her hus- 
band was a strong secessionist, but she could not understand what 
advantage it would bring to the country, and she, for one, would 
be glad for peace on any terms. As I became acquainted, I found 
that the great mass of the community were heartily tired of the 
war, and that nearly all, except the office-holders, would be glad 
for peace on any terms. 

For several weeks previous to the great battle before Eichmond, 
in 1862, provisions were very scarce. There was no way of getting 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 15 

them in from the country, in consequence of the position which 
the Union forces occupied ; and it was feared by some, that it was 
their intention to keep the city besieged until famine compelled the 
authorities to surrender, and at that time it was confidently expected 
that the city would be obliged to surrender. Jeff. Davis, his 
Cabinet, and many of the prominent citizens, left the city. The 
Government stores. Post Office, Telegraph Office, &c., were removed 
to some place in the interior, (toDenville, I think, but am not quite 
certain.) The city authorities issued an order, saying that if the 
" Yankees " overpowered the Confederate troops, the city would be 
shelled, as they had determined not to surrender upon any con- 
ditions whatever. 

Day after day, and week after week, we were expecting, and 
some of us anxiously hoping for, the commencement of the attack. 
Night after night I watched the signal lights on the bluff" between 
Richmond and that part of the city called Rockets. Finally, the 
long expected battle commenced. The roar of the cannon, which 
was distinctly heard in Richmond, was a relief to the inhabitants. 
That sound would frighten away the gaunt form of famine, which 
had for weeks been hovering around and over the city; and I do 
believe that the majority of the citizens, at this time, heartily 
wished success to the Union arms. 

One evening I walked out, accompanied by several ladies and 
gentlemen, in the direction from whence proceeded the noise of the 
cannon. We walked a mile or more from the city, until we could 
distinctly hear the noise of the small arms. There we stopped and 
listened, some of us with breathless anxiety, to ascertain whether 
the noise of the guns was advancing or receding. The noise in- 
creased, and before we returned to the city we were confident that 
the Union forces were advancing. We then began to form plans 
for dodging the shells, and for the reception of the "Yankees." 
One lady called them "her brothers," and said that she had long 
been waiting for them to come; and that if they would only bring 
her something good to eat she would give them a cordial welcome. 
She said, moreover, that she would nurse the wounded, and do 
everything in her power for their relief and comfort. 

Another lady thought it was a pity that the city authorities had 
not established "dodging schools" for the people over whom they 
exercised such fatherly care, in order that they might practice 



16 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

"dodging," and thus stand some little chance of saving their lives, 
if not their property, by dodging the shells. The fact is, we had 
become so accustomed to terrible sights and sounds, that we scarcely 
feared the shells, and we felt that we would gladly risk all the 
damage they might do, rather than not have the city taken. 

During the several days in which the battle raged, couriers were 
continually bringing in reports, — now that the Union forces were 
advancing, and again that they were retreating. At length news 
came that they had been routed with great slaughter, and that the 
Confederate army had gained a great and decisive victory. This 
news was received with great excitement, but not with the unfeigned 
rejoicing with which the news of the battle of Manassas was 
received in Mississippi, July, 1861. It was publicly said that the 
majority of the people in Richmond were inwardly mourning over 
the defeat of the "Yankees," and that they were vainly striving to 
conceal their true sentiments. 

People from different rebel States flocked into Richmond, in 
search of their friends who had been killed or wounded in battle. 
Ladies who, at the commencement of the war, hated anything that 
reminded them of a "Yankee," and who practiced shooting for the * 
avowed purpose of shooting the Yankees themselves in case the 
men were defeated, were completely subdued when they found 
that their sick and wounded friends, who fell into the hands of the 
Yankees, were more kindly cared for than those who were at the 
hospitals in Richmond, or any place with their own men; and as I 
sympathized with them, and wept with some of them over their 
dead and dying, my Northern accent was no longer displeasing. 

One lady from Alabama, to whom I had rendered aid, and with 
whom I had sympathized and wept over her dead son, voluntarily 
acknowledged, with much feeling and regret, that if she had met 
me in her neighborhood at the commencement of the war, she 
would have shunned me. "But," said she, "we have long since 
learned that our leaders do not care for us ; that they are cruel to 
our sick and wounded, while those who fall into the hands of the 
Yankees are kindly treated." 

The people then turned their attention to the wounded soldiers, 
who were brought into the city by hundreds, and even by thou- 
sands. The public buildings, tobacco factories, and some of the 
stores, were taken for hospitals. For a time the mortality among the 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 17 

soldiers was so great that it was difficult to procure burial for the 
dead. In the vicinity of the soldiers' burying-ground, which is, 
perhaps, a mile from Eichmond, the air for some distance around 
was so offensive that it was very unpleasant to pass. 

I walked out towards the burying-ground several times, but found 
it so unpleasant that I did not go very near, excepting on one oc- 
casion. That was late in the fall ; the mortality had somewhat 
subsided, but even then I found it so unpleasant that I only walked 
through a corner of the ground, and then hurried away. At 
several places there were men digging graves, and coffins contain- 
ing dead bodies were piled one on top of the other. 

Their usual manner of conveying the bodies of dead soldiers to 
the grave was in lumber wagons, with the coffins piled up like 
ordinary boxes of goods. For example, a man who was employed 
for that business would drive up to a hospital and take all the dead 
from the dead-house, providing he could pile them in his wagon. 
The Union soldiers who were brought in during, and soon after 
the great battles before Eicnmond, were almost entirely uncared for. 
One day, towards evening, I was told that a train of Union 
soldiers, wounded, had been brought to the Eichmond and York 
Eiver Depot, in open freight cars, and that they had been left all 
day in the broiling sun with their wounds undressed, and with no 
one to give them so much as a drink of cold water. I went to the 
depot with a gentleman who was at that time assistant surgeon 
in one of the hospitals. During the day one of the soldiers had 
died, and I noticed several who seemed to be suffering the most 
intense agony, I made a move to go near and speak to one of 
them, but was motioned back by one of the guards. I then turned 
to the doctor and asked him if those men were going to be left 
there to die without even so much as a drink of cold water. He 
inquired of the guard, who told him that some bread and water 
had been sent for. We waited until it came, and I saw the water 
as well as the bread sold to the prisoners. I then turned away, 
wishing in my heart that the world would come to an end, so that 
all this dreadful suffering might be ended at once. About this 
time a squad of Louisianians captured twenty Union soldiers in the 
vicinity of Eichmond, and brought only three of them to the city. 
It was said that the remaining seventeen had been murdered by 
their captors. And this was related as a praiseworthy act. 



18 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

Such was the reign of terror in Eichmond that many who in 
their hearts were loyal to the Union were actually forced to speak 
of things of that kind indifferently, but I could detect in their tones 
disapproval and horror of such barbarity. 

I tried to comfort myself with the thought that these poor boys 
who had been so cruelly murdered were at last beyond the reach of 
suffering. But their graves were unmarked. Their names were 
unknown. And I wept when I thought of their friends at home, 
who would probably never learn their fate, and who would anxious- 
ly, and wearily, and oh ! vainly wait for them to return ! 

The first of February, 1863, my son was conscripted, and as he 
refused to enter the rebel service, he was put into the conscript 
prison known by the name of Castle Thunder. 

The way men were conscripted by the rebel authorities, detective 
officers were sent to search the farms and houses, and to bring the 
men they found to the Provost Marshal's office. At the Provost 
Marshal's office these men were examined by physicians, and sent 
to the field, or some place to serve the government, according to 
their capacity and physical ability. At Castle Thunder there were 
men who had been imprisoned for many months, for no crime but 
that of refusing to rebel against their own Government, and to fight 
against their own country. 

I wrote to Jeff. Davis, Senator Wigfall, and others, and I called 
upon them many times, and implored them to let me keep my son. 
I contended that we had always abided by the law, and that we 
intended to respect the laws of whatever country we resided in; 
but we were both conscientiously opposed to fighting. That my 
son had never voted. That we knew nothing about politics or war, 
and that we wanted to know nothing about them. We only wanted 
to live peaceably in the world where God had placed us. 

In one of my letters to Jeff. Davis, I told him that my only son, 
who was the only near relation I had in the world, had been wrested 
from me and confined in prison like a criminal, and I asked to know 
of what crimes he was guilty, and what law he had violated. 

After calling upon Jeff. Davis several times I was 'at last per- 
mitted to see him. He received me very graciously, and appeared 
very much inclined to reason, but the reason was all on his own 
side. He said he was surprised that I wanted to keep my son out 
of the army. Other mothers were obliged to let their sons go, and 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 19 

I must see that he had no right to make an exception in my case. 
He would be glad to give an order for my son's release, but he could 
not do so upon any conditions excepting that he should go to the 
company to which he had been assigned, and be a good soldier. 
This my son refused to do, consequently he was retained in prison. 

The rations of the prisoners consisted of bread and meat in quan- 
tities not as much as it would require to feed me, hence many were 
actually obliged to join the army to keep from starving. 

The meat which they had was very poor. My son was under 
impression that it was neither beef, mutton nor pork, and that it 
had not been killed in the usual way of killing meat, and there- 
fore he did not draw any, but instead he drew a double allowance 
of bread, which was nearly as much as he needed, excepting on 
Mondays. Saturdays they drew a double allowance, but would 
always eat it up before Monday, and they could get nothing more 
until Monday evening. Every morning I carried my son a quart 
of milk, for which I paid fifty cents, and almost every morning a 
piece of meat, which was generally given to me by some kind 
friend. OccasionaWy I would buy ham, eggs, vegetables, fruit, &c., 
for him. For a small slice of ham, not as much as a hearty person 
would require for one meal, I would be obliged to pay fifty cents. 
Eggs, one dollar and fifty cents a dozen. For a small chicken, two 
dollars and fifty cents. For blackberries, I paid not over one dol- 
lar, nor less than fifty cents a quart. For tomatoes and potatoes I 
paid the same, but I have seen potatoes sold for two dollars a 
quart. Muskmelons, three dollars each. Watermelons, five dol- 
lars. Beets, twenty -five cents. Apples, twenty-five cents. For 
soap, I paid from one dollar to one dollar and fifty cents per pound. 
Sometimes, in compliance with my son's request, I would buy 
vegetables, fruit, meat, &c., only once or twice a week, and then 
get a sufficient quantity for him to share with his room mates. 
Sometimes things would be given to me for my son, and then I 
would be able to furnish them quite a good dinner. 
■ The prison was crowded to its utmost capacity, and most of the 
time there were seven men in the small room with my son. Among 
his room mates there were, at different times, a Yankee lieutenant, 
a rebel captain, a rebel major and several inferior officers. At one 
time there was quite a celebrated lawyer in the room. Men of this 
class were generally not retained very long. They would manage 



20 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

some way to get released. In two instances large sums of money 
were to my certain knowledge paid into General Winder's office to 
avoid courts martial and to procure releases. 

The Yankee lieutenant, who had been a paroled prisoner of war 
and had broke his parole, and a lawyer who had been conscripted, 
were in the room with my son the most of the time he was confined. 

The rebel captain and the major had also been conscripted, bat 
upon being conscripted they pretended to enter the rebel service 
willingly. For some reason they were not sent off to a company 
as the mass of rebel conscripts were, but they were employed to go 
about the country to muster men for the service. One of them, as 
soon as he had mustered a sufficient number of men for a com- 
pany, was made captain. The other was so successful that he 
soon mustered several companies, and he was made major of the 
united companies, which formed a battalion. Finally a charge was 
brought against the captain for mustering men into his company 
whom he knew had deserted from other companies. The major 
was charged with the same crime, and in addition to that he was 
charged with having assisted deserters through the rebel lines. I 
need not tell you these men had much influence. Their object 
was to avoid a court martial. This they did avoid by paying large 
sums of money into General Winder's office. And they were 
released. 

Thus months wearily dragged along. Old comrades had been 
released, and new ones came in to take their places. Still my son 
Was held in prison for no crime but that of being faithful to his 
own country, our glorious Union. 

Plan after plan had been concerted for the escape of himself and 
comrades, only to fail. Hope after hope had been cherished, only 
to be blighted, and I then learned in stern reality "how much the 
heart could bear." 

It really seemed to me that the Union troops did not half try to 
take the city, and that many of the people in the North, as well as 
the mass in the South, had through fear of the tyrants in Eich- 
mond become blinded to their own interest. I wondered why the 
Union people in the ISTorth did not unite and determine to take 
Richmond, if for no cause but to release the prisoners who ,were 
perishing for want of the ordinary necessaries of life. 

Last May, 1863, it was reported that the Union cavalry had 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 21 

made a raid within the fortifications, only one mile and a half from 
Eichmond ; that the Union army was near at hand ; that the Con- 
ferate troops were away in different sections of the country, and 
that the city would surely be taken. 

Jeff. Davis was at his house, sick from fright, occasioned by the 
bread riot which had taken place only a few weeks before. Some 
were so bold as to say that he would be caught in his lair. Then 
in order to conceal their true sentiments, they censured him because 
he had sent the troops away and left the city undefended. 

The alarm was sounded through the streets. Every man and 
boy who was able to carry a gun, was, without respect to age, 
marched off to the Capitol Square, where the long roll was being 
sounded, formed into companies and sent to the fortifications. 

The horses were taken from the street cars, and all the horses in 
the city were pressed into the service. All the men who were em- 
ployed on public works, and the convalescents in hospitals were 
formed into companies, and sent to assist in defending the city. 
New inducements were offered to the conscripts in Castle Thunder, 
and one full company was raised from that place. The Union 
soldiers on Belle Island made an attempt to overpower the guard 
and effect their escape, and several of them were shot. 

The Union troops were hourly expected to be seen marching 
into the city. The next day an alarm was given, and it was said 
that they were coming up Main street, from the direction of Wil- 
liamsburg. I rushed to my room and locked myself up, fearing 
that this would prove as false as other similar alarms had been, and 
that I would, in my excitement, betray myself My window opened 
toward the Capitol Square, which was only a few yards distant, and 
in the direction from which it was said the " Yankees " were coming. 
Women and children were thronging the streets and the Square, 
on the tiptoe of excitement, with distended eyes and open months, 
to catch a glimpse of the " Yankees." I looked eagerly for the flag, 
and commenced singing the "Star Spangled Banner." 

Soon I heard martial music, but the air was not familiar to me. 
It was not the "Star Spangled Banner;" it was not "Yankee 
Doodle ;" it was not the spirited music I expected to hear from the 
Union troops marching into Richmond. Presently I saw the head 
of the column. There they were, dressed in blue as I had never 
seen rebel soldiers dressed. It surely mast be them ! But their 



22 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

marcli is forced and weary. I am breathless with suspense ! I do 
not see the flag ! Is that it? Yes, there it is ! But I can scarcely 
see it in the distance, it is carried so low. Now I see it! But 
what do I see? Alas! it is the vile, dirty rag of secession! 

I was still in bondage. I must continue to battle with poverty 
and oppression, and to witness misery in i-ts most appalling form. 
My son must still be held in prison, shut out from the pure air, and 
from liberty, which is so charming to all, and more especially to 
the ardent spirit of youth. I felt how dreadful the disappointment 
would be to all the prisoners, who now seemed inevitably doomed 
to suffer a lingering and horrible death. The most horrible and 
appalling scenes forced themselves upon my imagination. I saw 
in reality, not in imagination, men perishing in dungeons for want 
of air, light, and food ; without one sympathizing friend or one ray 
of hope to cheer them. Escaped prisoners were recaptured ; de- 
serters shot and hung ; and in the midst of this soul appalling 
scene, the rebel authorities were gloating their bloodthirsty ven- 
geance, pronouncing death upon men who were guilty of no crime 
but that of striving to free themselves from tyranny, and to gain 
for themselves and their loved ones the free gifts of heaven. 

Then another scene presented itself to my imagination. I saw 
the people in the Northern States prosperous and happy, while those- 
poor boys, who had risked their lives to save their country from 
the invasion of a fratricidal foe, were suffering the horrors of the 
most inhuman barbarities, and of a lingering starvation. I assure you 
I did not then entertain very amicable feelings towards the wealthy 
and the powerful. My sympathies were all with the suffering and 
the oppressed, as I trust and pray to God that they ever may be. 

During all this excitement I was not permitted to see my son. I 
wrote to him every day, but I knew that my letters must be read 
by the captain commanding the prison before they could be handed 
to him. All the men in his room had left, excepting the Yankee 
lieutenant, the lawyer, and himself They were locked up in close 
confinement until the excitement subsided. It was truly affecting 
to witness the sympathy of these boys for each other, in connection 
with their long suffering. The little they had, they gladly shared 
in common with each other. The "Yankee," as he was termed at 
the prison, made friends even of some of the officers of the prison, 
in spite of his being a "Yankee," and frequently things were given 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 2B 

to him. I was paying out my salary of forty dollars a month faster 
than I received it; and I did everything in my power to keep up 
their spirits, and to induce them to continue to hope. Often did 
my heart sink when I saw the hope vanish which I myself had 
inspired and entertained ; and as the warm weather advanced, and 
I saw that my son was gradually losing his health and spirits, I 
began to despair of ever getting him released. 

Finally, towards the last of July, 1863, a plan was concerted by 
some rebel of&cers, who had themselves been forced into the ser- 
vice, by which he was enabled to get out of prison, and to make 
his escape through the rebel lines. The night, and more especially 
the exact hour in which I knew that my son would attempt to 
escape from prison, I prayed as I had never prayed before. 

If I could tell the exact manner of his escape, it would, doubt- 
less, be interesting ; but this I cannot do, as it might possibly bring 
serious trouble upon those who assisted him. When he escaped 
from prison a carriage was near by, waiting to drive him to a place 
of concealment, a few miles from Kichmond. At this place there 
were nearly or quite a hundred men. Some of them had been in 
Castle Thunder; some of them had been sentenced to be shot; 
many of them were anxiously waiting opportunity to pass the 
lines; others, who had families and property in the South, were 
trying to remain and keep out of danger. 

The last time I saw my son, was at this place of concealment. 
He seemed more disheartened than I had ever known him before. 
If he escaped the detective officers, there was danger of his falling 
into the hands of the pickets ; and he knew very well that if he 
was caught, no earthly power could save him. I assure you I did 
not then put my trust in any power that belonged to earth, and I 
did not cease to pray. 

About this time the Union forces were advancing towards Cul- 
pepper. My son, with others, went to Culpepper, and I soon 
received a letter assuring me that they were safe. As time passed 
away and I heard nothing more, I began to feel confident that 
they were safe. But my son had admonished me not to leave 
Eichmond before getting word from himself, and knowing positively 
that he had succeeded in passing the pickets. 

He was confident that he could, in some way, manage to get a 
letter to me very soon after reaching the North; and I did not feel 



24 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

quite sure of his safety until the last of October, when I received 
a letter from him, dated Washington, D. C, August 8d. When I 
first received this letter, I wanted to go to the lady in whose family 
I was teaching and confide to her my secret. She had not only 
received me into the bosom of her family, and extended tome that 
genial hospitality so peculiar to the upper class of Virginians ; but 
she had rendered me aid while my son was in prison. She had 
shared in my grief, and I wanted her to share in my joy. But upon 
reflection I knew that it would not be best to inform her of my 
plans. Her husband occupied a high position under government. 
If he knew of my intention he might think it his duty to prevent 
me from going. Then if I was taken prisoner and brought back 
to Eichmond, suspicion would at once fasten itself upon her and 
her husband, and I knew that it would be better for them to know 
nothing of my intentions. 

After much difficulty and a week's delay, a pass was procured 
for me to go to Charlottesville. Instead of going to Charlottes- 
•ville. I stopped at Gordonsville. While I was waiting at Gordons- 
ville for an opportunity to go to Culpepper, many Union prisoners 
were brought in, on their way to Eichmond. A boy was found 
among the prisoners who had deserted from the rebel army, and 
he was immediately taken to Orange Court House and hung. 
Eight rebel deserters were shot at the same place, about the same 
time. It was said that one of them, as they passed by their coffins, 
exclaimed, "boys, here is our winter quarters." 

After waiting several days in Gordonsville, a way was made for 
me to go to Culpepper. Here a man had been previously engaged 
to pilot me through the lines. For this he was paid $120 in Con- 
federate money. 

While I was witnessing the cruel tyranny and the dreadful suf- 
fering that prevailed in the prisons, in the hospitals, and at other 
places in Eichmond ; and subsequently, when I knew that my son 
was in danger of being shot by the guard in his attempt to escape 
from prison, and that if he avoided the guard he would still, be 
surrounded by dangers, — that the detective officers would pursue 
him, — that the city pickets, — the pickets on the outposts, and all 
intervening dangers must be passed, I invoked the aid of Almighty 
God, and I solemnly vowed that I would renew my diligence, as I 
had never done before., and that I would devote all the time and 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 25 

all the power He would grant me to assist in relieving distress. 
Scenes as horrible as those which I witnessed in the South are still 
being enacted. The fate that may yet befall my son is very uncer- 
tain, and I can find no rest but in the fulfillment of those deep 
vows which are registered in Heaven. 

I had heard of so many outrageous deeds of cruelty and violence 
being perpetrated by furious demons upon persons of intelligence 
and refinement; I had seen such terrible suffering, caused by the 
blind, thoughtless, groundless, and foolish hatred which the rebels 
cherished towards the Yankees, not only as a nation, but as indi- 
viduals ; and I had suffered such terrible fear, that I loathed the 
rebel country in my very soul, and I longed to see my own dear 
native hills once more. 

With my mental vision I saw the incomparable scenery of the 
Hiidson, the Genesee Kiver, and the Niagara Falls, as I had seen 
them in the days of my youth and prosperity. Then the sad, but 
subdued and softening visions of the dear departed friends who 
had cherished and directed me in those halcyon days, passed before 
me. And then I saw the dreadful change which had swept over 
our country within the last four years. I longed to see the Star 
Spangled Banner ; to hear our good old national airs ; and, above 
all, I longed to see my own dear son in the land where he was then 
free, and where I hoped to have some influence with the people, and 
even with the Government, which might have a tendency to induce 
them to be more united, vigorous, and determined in their efforts 
to put down the rebellion, and to send relief to those poor boys 
whom I bad left starving and withering in prison. 

I have never been permitted to speak to any of the Union pris- 
oners of war, but I have frequently seen them brought into Eich- 
mond ; I have also seen them on Belle Isle, in the James Eiver. 
I have many times passed by the Libby Prison; and I have seen 
and learned enough to know that their sufferings, from cruel treat- 
ment, hunger, and cold, are more terrible than I have yet heard 
them described. 

While my son was in prison, some few persons in authority were 
favorably inclined towards him. One who was high in power was 
in favor of making an exception in his case. One of the surgeons 
who examined him was also in favor of making an exception. He 
was reported by this surgeon to be a delicately constituted youth, 



26 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

by no means fit for field service, but to possess good business 
qualifications. This, with a letter which was given me, did in 
process of time procure me the privilege of calling at Jefi*. Davis' 
office. I called many times. Several times I found some of the 
aids engaged in excited and spirited conversation. At one time 
one of the men, whom I took to be one of the aids, was advocating 
the hoisting of the "black flag." I had frequently heard it advo- 
cated by ignorant, hot-headed secessionists, but I had always 
believed that persons high in power possessed, at least, a little 
common sense and refinement. But I found this secession bear 
blowing away at a terrible rate because Jeff. Davis had not prose- 
cuted the war with more ^ vigor, and with more cruelty to the 
"Yankees." He called the Yankees "cowardly dogs;" and he 
said that if the President, meaning Jeff. Davis, had made it known 
when the war first commenced, that every Yankee who was found 
on the Southern soil should be either shot or hung, the war would 
have ended long ago. 

On one occasion, a prisoner of some note had been brought in; 
and in one of my calls a violent discussion was being held, quite a 
number of the "chivalry" advocating a summary process of 
shooting, without even the apology of a court martial. Whether 
this was adopted I did not learn. 

In the early part of November, 1863, before I left Eichmond, 
provisions had become so high, and the prices were advancing so 
rapidly, that a law was passed fixing the prices of provisions. 
Then commissioners were sent out into the country to sea-rch the 
farms, and compel persons having produce to bring it to market. 
These commissioners returned with reports, stating that the farmers 
had not a sufficient quantity of provisions to subsist themselves 
through the winter. 

A law was also passed about this time, making it a penitentiary 
offence to trade Confederate for Federal money; or for selling 
goods any cheaper for Federal than for Confederate money. The 
people were asking themselves, "where is the freedom for which 
we have been so desperately struggling?" 

Public opinion has changed in the South since the commence- 
ment of the war. Within the last few months it has changed 
rapidly, and when I left Richmond it was a common saying, "the 
Confederacy is about played out." 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 27 

Great precaution is taken by the rebel authorities to keep the 
people in ignorance. When I left Richmond it was generall}'' 
beUeved that all rebel deserters were forced into the Union army 
as soon as they reached the North. 

In the spring of 1863, a few weeks before the Union cavalry 
raid within the fortifications, the famous bread riot occurred. It is 
said that some of the most respectable women of the city were 
among its leaders. At first they were only about twenty in num- 
ber, and they went only to provision stores and took what they 
needed, saying their children were perishing for the want of food. 
But their number was soon increased to several hundred, and 
those who fell in went into stores and shops, and seized whatever 
was most convenient. Thus the rioters rapidly increased. The 
city authorities were in a great dilemma. 

Order could not be restored by resorting to violent measures, 
because the rioters were the wives, mothers, sisters, &c., of the men 
who belonged to the city battalions, and in case of any violent 
treatment to them, that battalion would be turned against the city. 
Finally, after a few hours of disorder and lively excitement, the 
authorities by assuring the rioters that they should hereafter be 
abundantly supplied with food, sn.cceeded in persuading them to 
disperse and go to their homes. 

Since that time the families of soldiers who are not able to buy 
food, have drawn rations from the government. As soon as the 
rioters dispersed, the authorities, in violation of their pledge, had 
some of the leaders arrested and confined in prison. Some of 
them were in prison when I left. 

On the eve of my departure from Richmond, I concluded that I 
would make an attempt to find myself a pair of shoes suitable for 
walking, as I feared the possibility of my being obliged to walk a 
long distance, and of my shoes giving out entirely before I could 
get through the lines. I knew just where I con.ld get them for 
fifty dollars a pair, but I was going to try to get a pair for less than 
fifty dollars. Accordingly I commenced my search, which, how- 
ever, was not very extensive, as there were only a few stores in the 
city. 

I first went to the stores on Main street. Any ladies' shoes ? 
'No. Any boys' shoes ? No. Finally I at last found a pair of 
rough looking, ill shaped, but soft leather shoes, about two sizes 



28 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

too large for me, at the low price of thirty dollars. I had them 
bundled up, paid for, and was off in good spirits, thanking my 
stars because I had been so fortunate as to be able to find a pair of 
shoes for thirty dollars. 

On my way from Culpepper I met with .several 'hindrances, but 
with no real difficulty. I rode all the way in a small one-horse 
wagon. At the Rappahannock river I came near falling into the 
hands of the rebel pickets. Had I done so I would have been 
taken back to Richmond, and would, doubtless, have been kept in 
prison during the war. 

I came into the Union lines at Berlin, Maryland. Reported at 
the Provost Marshal's office, and was sent to headquarters at Har- 
per's Ferry. There I was released from custody and permitted to 
come on to Washington. At Washington I learned that my son 
had been sent to Philadelphia. From Philadelphia he went to 
Boston. He there joined the Union army, and is now with his 
company in New Orleans. 

As I have said, I found a few persons on my arrival in Missis- 
sippi, who advocated secession. But that doctrine was not popular 
with the people until the fall of 1860, after they had been made to 
believe that, unless they seceded, their negroes would be incited to 
insurrection, — their property wrested from them, and they them- 
selves be made worse than .slaves to the most ambitious, designing 
and deceiving tyrants the world had ever known. 

On the other hand they were told that if they would, but unite 
and determine, they could shun the fetters that were being forged 
for them, and they would be led on to great and glorious victories 
— they would become great and famous, and world renowned. They 
would, moreover, gain for themselves a great and glorious country, 
where they would be permitted not only to preserve, but to extend 
the institutions of their fathers, and their soil should be " sacred 
and inviolate from Yankee pollution." 

Some were so presumptuous as to say that they would, in time, 
add Mexico, and even Central America to their possessions. Some 
said that the Northern Democrats would rebel, and that the war 
would be in the Northern States. The least they expected was 
that the Western States would rebel. They expected that Presi- 
dent Lincoln would be assassinated in Baltimore, on his way to 
Washington, and that in the panic which would ensue, troops 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 29 

would pour in from Maryland and Virginia, and take Washington 
without any difficulty. The talk was, that they would pass on, 
after they had taken Washington, to Philadelphia, New York and 
Boston. When they reached Boston they would wreak their 
vengeance on the inhabitants, and raze the city to the ground. 

It was thought that the Democrats of the North would join them 
as they passed triumphantly through the country, hurling death 
and destruction around ; and that the Northern States would, one 
after another, come knocking at the door of the Southern Con- 
federacy for admittance, and that they would admit all excepting 
New England. "They were going to leave her out in the cold."* 
But those delusions have long since passed from the minds of the 
people. They began to vanish from the minds of a few soon after 
the battle of Manassas, and they seemed to entirely disappear at 
the time of their first raid into Maryland. They gave way to a 
dismal howling when they found that their desperate and chivalrous 
attempts to wrest Maryland from the tyranny of the National Grov- 
ernmeat, and place her under the mild reign of Jeff. Davis' admin- 
istration were not appreciated b}^ her people. 

The first report of the victory of Manassas caused ^rea^ rejoicing, 
but by degrees, as they learned what that victory had cost them, 
their joy was turned to sorrow. The rebel leaders made a desperate 
effort to conceal the result of that battle, and to keep up the cour- 
age of the people ; but in spite of all those efforts, the truth finally 
made its appearance, and it was currently reported that another 
such victory would ruin them. They now know that their leaders 
have all the time been trying to deceive them. They say that when 
they hear they have gained a victory they expect it will turn out to 
be a defeat, or equivalent to one, — that they cannot understand how 
they can be continually gaining such great victories without gaining 
any apparent advantage, or even retaining their own territory. 
They say that all their victories have cost them dear, and that they 
have, by seceding, brought upon themselves the very disasters their 
leaders said would befall them if they did not secede. 

They now say that they did not know when they were well off. 



* A reverend gentleman, in one of his discourses, says: " You remember they were going to 
leave New England out in the cold. Well, she was out in the cold one day on Plymouth Rock, and 
while there she invented ' FreecZom to worship God.'''''' 



30 FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 

That tliey were induced to believe they must go to war and fight 
for their liberty, when they already had too much liberty. That 
they were prosperous and happy while in the Union, but that they 
are now worse off than the meanest slaves ; and that they believe 
that if they had remained in the Union their prosperity and hap- 
piness would have continued. 

I had good opportunity, especially while my son was in prison, 
of becoming acquainted with the sentiments of all classes. At 
the commencement of the war, and even after we went to Eich- 
mond, it was considered a dreadful disgrace to be imprisoned for 
disloyalty to the South, but by the time my son was thrown into 
prison, Februarj^ 1st, 1863, many had changed their ojDinions in that 
respect, and my son's imprisonment, instead of being imputed to 
him as a disgrace by a large class of people, brought us nearer to 
them, and we had no lack of friends. But unfortunately our friends 
were, many of them, even worse off than ourselves, and those who 
had power dared not exercise it openly and directly in our behalf! 

Soon after my son was imprisoned, I became acquainted with 
many officers who gave me to understand that they were in the service 
only because they were obliged to be. Had my son not been impris- 
oned, I would have supposed those officers the most determined. 

In the fall of 1863 I heard many officers, some who ranked as 
high as major, express their discouragement, and say they did not 
see how they could hold out through the winter, and it seemed to 
be the general impression, among the most thoughtful, that if they 
gained their independence it would avail them nothing, because 
they would then go to fighting among themselves; that South 
Carolina, Georgia, and other States would secede from the Con- 
federacy, and that the Confederate Government would not admit 
that they had a right to do so. It was truly astonishing and 
instructive to witness the change that came over the minds of the 
people as they were overtaken by poverty and distress. 

I visited the hospitals, and truly sympathized with all whom I 
found in distress. This gained me the confidence of some of the 
most determined rebels, who could not conceive the idea of sym- 
pathy for an enemy, however great his distress. I had good 
opportunities for becoming acquainted with the true sentiments of 
the people, and I do know that if they were left to exercise their 
own free will they would gladly return to their allegiance. 



FOUR YEARS IN SECESSIA. 31 

Thej have lost all confidence in their leaders. They are 
drinking the bitterest dregs of disappointment, and they are over- 
whelmed with untold miseries. They would now gladly fly to 
that government, which they have been trying to overthrow; and 
there, under the glorious banner of freedom, seek protection from 
those merciless tyrants who so villainously oppose the march of 
civilization and the progress of human liberty. 

I have thus endeavored, in my very imperfect manner, to depict 
my observations and sufferings during a residence of four years in 
Secessia. And I can only add my testimony to that of all who 
have had the opportunity of personally viewing the rise and pro- 
gress of this ill-stari'ed rebellion. It is emphatically a rebellion of 
aspirants — tyrants — men who are determined to rule or ruin. The 
mass of the people are not with them, — at least those who are 
refined or intellectual. 

True it is, and 'tis pity 'tis true, there is gi eat need of the school 
master here. But I am confident that the people of the South are 
now rapidly awakening from the delusion forced upon them by 
their ambitious leaders, and the day is not far distant when we 
shall, as of yore, rejoice in one Country — one Union — one Flag ! 



TESTIMONIALS. 



The following is a copy of a letter from Rev. Samuel Aaron, Baptist Clergyman 
in Mount Holly: 

The bearer of this is Mrs. E. C. Kent, a native of the State of New York, a resi- 
dent for several years in Mississippi, and recently a refugee from Richmond. She is 
a lady of refinement and education, and in connection with her son has suffered much 
on account of her attachment to human liberty and the Union. 

Last evening she read in the Baptist Meeting House, very effectively, to two hun- 
dred persons, the most intelligent in this place, a well written and touching narra- 
tive of the adventures and sufferings of herself and son. 

He escaped last August, from the thraldom of a Richmond prison, and she some 
months afterwards. He has enlisted in the Union army, and she wishes to see him 
in New Orleans, and to resume, in that place, her avocation as a teacher of youth. 

If you think it best to aid her in getting a public hearing in your town, you will 
find her worthy of your help. 

She sits and reads with much propriety, and her whole deportment is, in my 
opinion, lady-like. She has good vouchers of character and standing. 

Your friend, very truly, 

SAMUEL AARON. 



Burlington, Feb. 16th, 1864. 
To whom it may concern: 

The bearer of this is Mrs. E. C. Kent, a native of the State of New York. Mrs. 
Kent is a recent refugee from Richmond. She read a lecture in the Baptist Church 
in this place last evening, embodying a narrative of her adventures in, and escape 
from the South, and also of the imprisonment of her son in Castle Thunder, whence 
he subsequently escaped, and is now in the Union army. 

Mrs. Kent's narrative is well written, and was so well read that all present were 
very much pleased with it. She is a lady of intelligence, and has good vouchers of 
character and standing. KELSEY WALLING, Pastor. 

EDWARD HAAS, Principal, 

Of Public Schools. 



Bethlehem, Pa., March 2d, 1864. 
Mrs. Kent, the bearer of this, has been giving several lectures in Bethlehem, de- 
tailing an account of her adventures in Secessia, which have proved very interesting. 
I therefore cheerfully commend her to all into whose hands these lines may fall, as 
one every way worthy of confidence and encouragement. 

REV. SYLVESTER WOLLE 



Bethlehem, March 1st, 1864. 
Mrs. Kent has read her narrative before the pupils of the Young Ladies' Moravian 
Seminary, of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Her style of composition and reading are 
good, and we think her narrative will prove interesting to the public generally. 

F. WOLLE, Principal. 

Easton, March 4th, 1864. 
Mrs. Kent brings letters from high authority, giving assurance of her good faith 
and devotion to the Union, and of her means of giving interesting information in 
relation to rebeldom. HON. A. H. REEDER, 

HON. H. D. MAXWELL, 
SAMUEL COOLEY, Esq. 



The lecture given last evening at the Pynchon Street Church, by Mrs. Kent, the 
Richmond refugee, was well attended and proved very interesting. Many facts were 
stated that were new and instructive in regard to life at the rebel capital.— Spring- 
field (Mass.) Eepublican, June 7th. 

Mrs. Kent, the Richmond refugee, gave a very interesting lecture last evening in the 
Pynchon Street Church, of her experience in rebeldom. Those who heard it speak 
well of it, and by general desire it is to be repeated this evening at the same place. — 
Springfield DaUv Union, June 7th. 



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